Mergers and acquisitions happen when two or more companies consolidate, or one company acquires another. Combining the operations of previously separate companies can achieve significant operational advantages. For example, they can realise economies of scale and scope, improve access to resources, and diversify risks. 

This can result in cost savings, competitive advantages, and the opportunity to generate additional value. Over the long term, this can improve shareholder value, which is the goal of most M&A transactions. 

Takeovers are similar to mergers and acquisitions in that they involve the combination of two previously separate companies. We characterize takeovers, however, by the acquisition of a smaller company by a larger one. 

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